Overview
Gout is an inflammatory arthritis caused by deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints, triggered by elevated uric acid levels. Attacks often begin in the big toe but can involve other joints.

Causes and risk factors
Hyperuricemia can result from increased uric acid production or decreased renal excretion. Risk factors include male sex, obesity, high‑purine diet, alcohol (especially beer), kidney disease, and certain medications.

Symptoms
Sudden severe joint pain, redness, swelling, warmth, and tenderness—often at night. Recurrent attacks can lead to tophi (crystal deposits) and joint damage.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is confirmed by identifying urate crystals in joint fluid. Blood uric acid levels and imaging can support diagnosis.

Treatment
Acute attacks are treated with NSAIDs, colchicine, or corticosteroids. Long‑term management includes urate‑lowering therapy (e.g., allopurinol, febuxostat) and lifestyle changes.

Lifestyle
Reduce purine‑rich foods, limit alcohol, manage weight, and stay hydrated.

When to seek care
Seek care for sudden severe joint pain or recurrent attacks.