Overview
A herniated disc occurs when disc material protrudes and irritates nearby nerves, often in the lumbar spine.

Symptoms
Back pain, radiating leg pain (sciatica), numbness, or weakness.

Diagnosis
Clinical exam; MRI is used when symptoms persist or are severe.

Treatment
Activity modification, NSAIDs, physical therapy, and sometimes epidural injections. Surgery is considered for severe or persistent neurologic deficits.

When to seek care
New weakness, bladder/bowel changes, or severe pain needs urgent evaluation.