Overview
Kyphosis is an exaggerated forward rounding of the upper back. It can be postural, degenerative, or structural.

Causes and risk factors
Poor posture, vertebral fractures (often from osteoporosis), Scheuermann disease, and degenerative changes are common causes.

Symptoms
Rounded upper back, back pain, stiffness, and in severe cases, breathing difficulty.

Diagnosis
Physical exam and spine X‑ray to measure curvature.

Treatment
Posture training, physical therapy, and bracing in selected cases. Severe or progressive deformity may require surgery.

When to seek care
Progressive curvature, pain, or neurologic symptoms should be evaluated.