Overview
Osteoporosis is a condition of low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue that increases fracture risk. Fractures commonly occur in the hip, spine, and wrist, sometimes after minimal trauma.

Causes and risk factors
Bone remodeling becomes unbalanced with age; more bone is resorbed than formed. Risk increases with older age, female sex, menopause, low body weight, family history, smoking, excessive alcohol, low calcium/vitamin D, and certain medications.

Symptoms
Often silent until a fracture occurs. Vertebral compression fractures can cause back pain, loss of height, and a stooped posture.

Diagnosis
Bone mineral density testing (DEXA) is the standard diagnostic tool. Risk assessment tools and imaging for fractures may also be used.

Treatment
Lifestyle measures include adequate calcium and vitamin D, weight‑bearing and muscle‑strengthening exercises, and fall‑prevention strategies. Medications (e.g., bisphosphonates, denosumab, anabolic agents) are used based on fracture risk.

Prevention
Building strong bones early in life, maintaining activity, and addressing modifiable risk factors reduce future risk.

When to seek care
Evaluation is recommended after low‑impact fractures or in individuals with significant risk factors.