Rheumatoid arthritis
Learn about Rheumatoid arthritis, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Overview
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that primarily targets the synovium (lining) of joints. Inflammation causes pain, swelling, and stiffness and can lead to joint damage over time. RA often affects small joints of the hands and feet and can involve other organs.
Causes and risk factors
The exact cause is unknown. Genetics and immune system dysregulation play a role, and environmental factors (such as smoking) increase risk. Women are affected more often than men.
Symptoms
Common symptoms include symmetric joint pain and swelling, prolonged morning stiffness, fatigue, and reduced range of motion. As disease progresses, joint deformity and functional limitations can occur.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis combines clinical findings, lab tests (e.g., inflammatory markers, RF, anti‑CCP), and imaging. Early diagnosis is important to prevent joint damage.
Treatment
Management includes disease‑modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate, biologics, and targeted synthetic agents to control inflammation and prevent damage. NSAIDs and short‑term steroids can relieve symptoms. Physical therapy and occupational therapy support function.
Self‑care and monitoring
Regular follow‑up, exercise adapted to symptoms, and smoking cessation are key. Vaccinations and monitoring for medication side effects are important.
When to seek care
Persistent joint swelling, morning stiffness lasting more than 30–60 minutes, or systemic symptoms warrant evaluation by a clinician or rheumatologist.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that primarily targets the synovium (lining) of joints. Inflammation causes pain, swelling, and stiffness and can lead to joint damage over time. RA often affects small joints of the hands and feet and can involve other organs.
Causes and risk factors
The exact cause is unknown. Genetics and immune system dysregulation play a role, and environmental factors (such as smoking) increase risk. Women are affected more often than men.
Symptoms
Common symptoms include symmetric joint pain and swelling, prolonged morning stiffness, fatigue, and reduced range of motion. As disease progresses, joint deformity and functional limitations can occur.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis combines clinical findings, lab tests (e.g., inflammatory markers, RF, anti‑CCP), and imaging. Early diagnosis is important to prevent joint damage.
Treatment
Management includes disease‑modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate, biologics, and targeted synthetic agents to control inflammation and prevent damage. NSAIDs and short‑term steroids can relieve symptoms. Physical therapy and occupational therapy support function.
Self‑care and monitoring
Regular follow‑up, exercise adapted to symptoms, and smoking cessation are key. Vaccinations and monitoring for medication side effects are important.
When to seek care
Persistent joint swelling, morning stiffness lasting more than 30–60 minutes, or systemic symptoms warrant evaluation by a clinician or rheumatologist.